Indian Telecom Trends 2022

 

A brutal predatory price war, in 2016, aided arguably by a biased regulator, led to the Telecom Industry consolidation. The number of operators in India’s thriving Telecom sector shrank from 12 to 4 – Airtel, Vodafone – Idea (VI), Reliance Jio & state run BSNL – MTNL. The Supreme Court judgement on Adjusted Gross Revenues (AGR) forced the promoters of VI – Britain based Vodafone Plc. & Kumar Mangalam Birla – to throw in the towel, triggering a state mounted rescue – with Government of India (GOI) taking a 33% stake in VI in lieu of Rs 16100 cr. – a part of pending dues. This has, in effect, reduced the industry to 2  telcos – completely in the private sector – along with other private players like Tata Tele Business services that now offer only enterprise services - post selling their mobility vertical to Airtel.  Increased NPAs (Non Performing Assets) of the Indian Banking sector was the natural collateral damage lost in the din of consumer delight while enjoying low cost data. The debilitating price war in the sector has since ended, leading to a welcome rise in ARPUs (Average Revenue Per User), but the following trends could impact the revival of the sector, especially when rewards in digital advertising, e-Health & Mobile education are a slow burn.

(1)Clash between Technology Firms & Traditional Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) :  Indian Cabinet Approval, in June, for the setting up of private captive networks, to spur innovations in Industry 4.0 applications in M2M (Machine to Machine communications), IoT (Internet of Things), Artificial Intelligence (AI) across Auto, Agriculture, Healthcare, Energy & other sectors, invited the ire of the TSPs. This appears to have been prompted by Broadband India Forum (BIF) -  boasting of members such as TCS, Cisco, Google, Facebook, Qualcomm, Intel  etc. & interestingly Indus Towers & One Web owned by Airtel  as members. However, “administrative allocation of spectrum” has been opposed by COAI (Cellular Operators Association of India) with TSPs (Airtel, Jio & VI)  as members, as it goes against the principle of a “level playing field” – offering, effectively, a back door entry to technology players to provide 5G services & solutions without regulatory compliance & levies, otherwise paid by the TSPs. This would diminish revenues, affecting the business case of 5G, they allege. They are against “direct spectrum allocation” to System Integrators & intermediaries as it runs the risk of spectrum fragmentation, viability of the 5G business case, apart from having serious national security implications.

BIF’s President T V Ramachandran lambasted the ‘level playing field demand” & averred that “no mature regulator in the world imposed regulation on a player with no or minimal market share” as they cannot abuse their position as private 5G networks are for “self consumption” alone – will not sell services or earn revenues. Tech Mahindra’s CP Gurnani opined that if GOI wants to make ‘ the country more technology competitive, more productive & citizen service oriented, they should give it (spectrum) free for a few years” & enterprises – hospitals, factories to Industrial townships - should be free to go to any service provider –TSPs or Technology companies - & ‘not pay any licence fees”. Manufacturing, auto, oil & gas sector are extremely bullish on adoption of private networks worldwide he added & argued in favour of disintermediation by eliminating the TSP layer

It is a fact though that launch of “private 5G networks” would lead to the drop in revenues of existing TSPs, translating into a drop in revenues to GOI who earns a fixed % as revenue share. Why is GOI making such a move?; Is it an attempt  to prompt TSPs to bid higher in the impending spectrum auctions – leading to higher GOI revenues - & accelerating the launch of 5G – which the, otherwise, debt strained TSPs would have liked to be pushed down the road?

(2)Entry of New Players: Adani, meanwhile, surprisingly, has thrown its hat into the ring of spectrum auctions, scheduled for 26^th July 2022, instead of opting for the cheaper option of securing a direct assigned spectrum, without paying any license fee & entry fee, under the “captive non-public network (CNPN) category. COAI welcomed the move. Adani Data Networks – a 100% subsidiary of Adani Enterprises - that incubates new businesses – has secured a letter of intent (LOI) by Department of Telecommunications (DOT) for granting Unified access license with authorization of National Long Distance (NLD) & International Long Distance (ILD)for & Internet service Provider - ISP (B) for the Gujarat circle. Under ISP (A), a company can operate in all the 22 circles across the country while under ISP (C) licence they can operate in a part of a circle. The company has data centres across the county & is currently paying TSPs “carrier charges” which it could potentially save by launching its own services & create an additional revenue stream by carrying the data & voice traffic of other Telcos & enterprises.

Bank of America opines that lacklustre ROI, inadequate spectrum, low potential for differentiation & low tariffs could render infructuous any business case for a non 4G player in consumer mobility.  Having already entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Cement maker Holcim’s stake in ACC & Ambuja Cements at $10.5 billion deal, Adani is unlikely to make a bid for the beleaguered VI, especially with Telecom ARPU’s trending around $2 only. Adani press statement which reads ““We are participating in the 5G spectrum auction to provide private network solutions along with enhanced cyber-security in the airport, ports and logistics, power generation, transmission, distribution, and various manufacturing operations.” helped clear the airs of speculation. As against an Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) of Jio (Rs14000 cr.), Airtel (5500 cr. ) & VI (2200 cr.), Adani at Rs 100 cr. only signalled limited bidding.

During the last Spectrum auctions, in Mar 21, EMD of Rs 13475 cr. attracted bids Rs 77815 cr. (5.77X); as per an Economic Times Now )report, the multiple in generally 5 -6 X. We can therefore expect bids this year with EMD of Rs 21800 to be in the 1 - 1.25 lakh cr. range.

While 72GHZ of spectrum in the low frequency (600, 700, 800, 900, 1800, 2100, 2300, 2500 MHZ), mid frequency C Band (3.3-3.67 GHZ) & High frequency (26GHZ) are up for auctions for a 20 year tenure, the greatest interest would be focussed on the mid frequency as most of the 5G ecosystem has developed around the same apart from the 26 GHZ airways used for the captive private networks – priced low at Rs 7 cr. per MHZ for pan India spectrum; 700 MHz, albeit costly, grants better coverage. Lower frequencies are used for “coverage”, with TSPs progressively using graded frequencies up the spectrum for “capacity”. Payment of zero Spectrum Usage Charge (SUC), on spectrum acquired in the impending auctions, provides a significant relief to the industry.

(3)Government of India (GOI) Targets Chinese Companies: Chinese companies, ZTE & Huawei, are still to secure the “Trusted sources” tag – a mandatory requirement for supply of network equipment; their Indian, US & European counterparts, meanwhile, have secured the same, pushing Chinese companies out of contention on supplying 5G gear to telcos The offices of Huawei were searched in Feb & Huawei in Aug 2021 by the Tax authorities on suspicion of tax evasion. Furthermore, GOI issued a lookout notice on Huawei India Chief Li Xiongwei, in May 2022, which prevented him from flying out to Bangkok to attend a business meeting. These steps allude to a decisive move, by GOI, at decoupling to protect “security” interests. Chinese handset manufacturer – Xioami, Oppo Mobiles, etc. enjoying a dominant markets share, in India, too are facing similar pressures; they have been served notices by the IT department for custom duty evasion, non addition of “ royalty & license fees” in the transaction value of imports & inflated payments against receipt of technical services from related parties outside India.

Telcos are falling in line with govt. policy despite initial murmurs of protest, on increased consumer prices, consequent to replacement of cutting edge Chinese gear with costlier western products. GOI has banned Chinese apps but not Chinese gear but regulatory barriers could serve the purpose. Chinese gear is, however, blocked in US, UK & Sweden & Canada has accused Chinese firms of spying. In Nov 2021 the US Federal Communication Commission (FCC) revoked the licence of China Telecom to provide telco services on security concerns, continuing with their March 2021 decision to revoke authority to 3 other Chinese firms -  China Unicom, Pacific Networks & ComNet & disapproval, in 2019,  of China Mobile’s application, in provide telecom services between the US & foreign destinations.

(4)Telecom Signal interference with Aircraft Altimeters & Telescopes: Airlines for America & Aerospace Industries Association,  in Jan 2022, complained that the  FCC has failed to explain why it rejected the “detrimental impact of interference” of the C band 3.7GHz licences on radio altimeters. They are not seeking a full stop of new 5G services but only a stay on roll out in designated locations at 135 airports. “Airlines will not be able to rely on radio altimeters for numerous flight procedures & thus will not be able to land at certain airports” its filing read. Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA), however, debunked the complaint & alluded to 5G operating safely in over 40 countries without harmful interference & FCC rejection of interference claims 2 years ago after exhaustive review.

Meanwhile, in India, Giant Meter wave Radio Telescope (GMRT) Pune, a project of the Department of Atomic Energy, operates in the 100 -1500 MHz frequency bandwidth has been complaining of signal interference from telecom towers operating in the 800-900 MHz band corrupting data quality. The solution is to operate the towers, within the GMRT protection zone, in the 1800 MHz band.

Conclusion:

The revival in the telecom sector’s fortunes, via consolidation, would be impacted by the entry of new players like Adani – in case they decide to enter into the consumer space unlike captive private networks alone; their $10.5 billion bid for Cement Maker Holcim’s Indian assets could restrict their Telecom ambitions in the near term. VI though, continues to remain an acquisition target. The Cabinet approval for the administrative allocation of spectrum, based on likely intense lobbying by the BIF members like TCS, L&T, Google, Amazon etc. has the potential of reducing govt. revenues, if processed; the announcement appears more an attempt to spur, an otherwise, recalcitrant TSPs, burdened by a huge debt overhang, delaying 5G rollout, to act quickly, to protect their turfs & deny space to Tech firms.  

Sino-Indian decoupling of telecom gear, by denying “trusted sources tag” to Chinese manufacturers like Huawei & ZTE is, perhaps, work in progress, with India collaborating with its Western counterparts. But since gear from western players too comes with its own Trojan horses, “atmanirbharta” in gear manufacture, courtesy the PLI (Production Linked Incentive) scheme, is the new forward.

 

 

References

https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2022/07/14/telecom-companies-say-allowing-captive-networks-will-make-their-5g-rollout-unviable.html

https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-07-13/gautam-adani-gets-into-india-s-telecom-sector-the-realm-of-rival-mukesh-ambani

https://trak.in/tags/business/2022/07/15/adani-group-will-launch-telecom-services-from-this-state-5g-will-be-the-foundation/

https://www.fiercewireless.com/regulatory/china-bites-back-after-fcc-china-telecom-order

https://www.fiercewireless.com/wireless/airlines-file-emergency-petition-stop-5g-c-band-deployment-near-airports

https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/now-gmrt-faces-signal-interference-from-airtel-and-other-telecom-operators-8034043/

 

Cinema & Migration - Agents of National Integration Across the Vindhyas

Oh, East is East. West is West & Never the Twain shall meet.                  Rudyard Kipling

 

The above line, borrowed from a Rudyard Kipling poem - alludes to the apparent lack of harmoniousness & agreeability between East & West. The success of South movies RRR & KGF in the Indian Northern belt & the unfortunate debate it has triggered, courtesy the Ajay Devgn – Sudeep twitter spat,  if Hindi is our “national language” indicate that “East” & “West” could very well have been replaced by “North” & “South” with the same outcome. The ever controversial Kangana Renault weighed in on the language debate by proposing Sanskrit as the national language – which, i am personally inclined to agree, because of the following reasons:

(a)While Hindi as a National language, in Devanagiri script, gives a disproportionate advantage to those whose mother tongue is “Hindi’, Sanskrit would have forced all the Indian citizens to learn a new language & script. In our constitutional debates, Nehru proposed Hindi in Roman script – as German is written too – as a compromise which was, however, torpedoed by people like PD Tandon, who insisted on the Devanagiri script, deepening the North-South fault-lines. By 1965, Hindi was supposed to replace the official languages as the national language, but consequent to the simmering angst, violent protests erupted & a non-Congress DMK government was sworn to power in Tamil Nadu in 1967.

(b)Sanskrit, a pronto Indo- European language, would, perhaps, help India into an Eurasian embrace – in line with our Global ambitions - as well as enhance research into our cultural past. Continuance of English shall help in sustaining our relationships with the large English speaking Western world, sustain our dominance in fields like IT & help enhance our labour force exports in fields like healthcare, education etc. – extremely important in a scenario where India is on its way to beat China & emerge as the most populous country in the world but with jobs growth not keeping pace with population growth.

Even if Sanskrit is accepted as the national language, there would be a debate in what script it should be taught. A logical, though unlikely compromise would be for people to learn it in their mother tongue; a Tamilian learns Sanskrit in the Tamil script while a North Indian can do so in Hindi, Gurumukhi, Sharda etc.

This brings us to the next question:

Shouldn’t PAN Indian movies spur greater National Integration?

There was a time when ignorance was bliss: North Indians clubbed all people South of the Vindhyas as “Madrasis” despite the presence of distinct identity & many spoken languages – Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Tulu, etc.  just as South Indians clubbed all North Indians as “Hindi” speakers despite the presence of Punjabi, Bhogpuri, Maithili, Kashmiri etc., Doordarshan, since 1980’s, did a yeoman’s job of nudging a better cultural understanding via their national transmission of regional cinema, with subtitles, in the Sunday afternoon show; the dubbed versions, telecast via satellite channels, since the 2000’s has aided in better understanding & appreciation. Enhanced migration to the South, over the last 2 decades, because of the IT boom, appears to have accelerated the cycle.

Earlier, while south Indian heroines from Waheeda Rehman, Vyajantimala etc, in the 1950’s & 1960’s to Jayaprada, Sridevi, Rekha etc. in the 1970’s to 1990’s wooed the North Indian audiences, south Indian heroes’ rarely made a big impression beyond auteurs like Kamal Haasan, Rajnikanth, Nagarjuna etc.; critics attributed the popularity of heroines to their training in choreography & the lack of heros’ acceptance to their plumper physiques & moustachioed countenances -unlike their north Indian counterparts. But over the last 3 decades North Indian heroines, like Kushboo, Tamanna Bhatia etc.  have become extremely popular in the south while South Indian heroes like Allu Arjun, Prabhas, Yash, Vijay etc. have become North Indian household names, largely attributed to the super success of South Indian Movies like RRR now, following in the footsteps of Pushpa, KGF or Bahubali earlier; covid & the subsequent OTT boom of channels like Amzaon Prime, Netflix etc. exposed Indian audiences to regional cinema enhancing understanding & appreciation.

Films are now being mounted in a grand scale & released at least in the 4 south Indian languages & Hindi, heralding the era of “Pan Indian” films, truly a harbinger of tighter national integration.

How we defeated the prediction of an Indian Disintegration

Many geopolitical tsars predicted the inevitable breakdown of the Indian republic, post-independence, considering the diversity of over 1652 languages, 8 religions & 3 races; India was akin to continental Europe with different nations they reasoned. From a culture, cuisine, language, dress code & way of life point of view Indian Punjab was similar to Pakistani Punjab, across the border, much like the similarity of Indian Bengal with neighbouring Bangladesh. While the “Aryan” region -extending from Punjab to Bengal - spoke the proto Indo – European languages, that accorded a distant familiarity, the “Dravidian’ South, spoke a different tongue, leading to the identification of a schism. Some historians pointed to South Indian dynasties like the Cholas, Cheras, Pallavas, Pandhyas etc. retaining their distinct identity, even during the days of the Pataliputra (current day Patna) centric Mauryan or Gupta empires or the Delhi based Mughal empires later to buttress their arguments. The anti-Hindi agitation & demands for a separate Dravidistan, by the DMK, post-independence, appeared temporarily to eerily fulfil their predictions.  But, India has not only survived but thrived & the naysayers had to eat humble; surprisingly, continental Europe too created the European Union (EU), accepting diversity & using inclusivity as a tool to maintain peace in a land, otherwise ravaged by the World wars. The Indian model appears to be gaining traction.

While the Sino-Indian conflict of 1962, triggered a “nationalism” induced integration, the recent genetic studies have helped in reducing the “Aryan” & “Dravidian” divide as both emerged from the common pool of “South Asian Hunter gathers” (SAHG) – the original inhabitants of India; SAHG mixed with Iranian agriculturalists to form the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC). IVC natives mixed with the invading Aryans to form the ANI (Ancestral North Indians” while the retreating IVC inmates mixed with the SAHG to form the ASI (Ancestral South Indians)

Post-independence, better physical infrastructure, communication & urbanization triggered mobility, among the populace, in pursuance of aspirational education & job opportunities. The shift appears to have happened in the following phases:

(a)Migration of people working for the central government & In PSUs (Public Sector Undertakings); private sector in Gujarat & Maharashtra attracted workers into manufacturing

(b)Focus of the 2^nd Five year plan (1956-61) on heavy industry & the creation of Steel plants & cosmopolitan townships in Rourkela, Durgapur, Bhilai, Bokaro etc.

(C)Bank nationalization in 1969 & mobility of the national cadre

(d)IT boom in the 1990s & migration towards the Southern cities of Bangalore, Hyderabad & Chennai.

South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Telangana, AP & TN account for 30% of Indian GDP, but only 20.7% of Indian population, while & the corresponding figs. for West (MP, Goa & Gujarat) being 22%  & 15.5% respectively. Thus the South & West account for 52% of Indian GDP, 64% of Manufacturing but host only 36% of population. Not surprisingly, as per the 2011 census, of the Indian population of 121 crores, 45 crores are internal migrants – including people who have moved within a state’s geography; 4% (5.4 cr.) are inter- state migrants. Chinmay Tumbe, IIM Ahmedabad, in a Mint article avers that traditionally, while Delhi & Mumbai were migrant magnets, especially from UP-Bihar-Bengal belt, the 2011 census has shown the Southern states to be the new magnet; migrants as a % of Urban workforce are 24% in Mumbai but below 15% in Bangalore, Chennai & Hyderabad but the 2021 census could throw up a higher fig..

Migration led to better appreciation of language & cuisine; Idly, dosa, vada, Sambhar, Hyderabadi biryani etc. from the south were exported to the north while Punjabi tandoori cuisine rushed south; North Indians now try out Kerala appam or TN’s Chettinad foods, Karnataka’s Besibelli bath or Andhra’s chutneys like aavakaya (mango pickle) or Gongura mixes; food at AP Bhavan is a big draw in Delhi. That people are debating the taste of the Hyderabadi, Avadhi & the Bengal versions of Biryani aids the cause of national integration. South Indian coffee has travelled North via chains like Café Coffee Day, Barista etc. while Hot Tea shops, primarily a North Indian retail landscape phenomenon, have travelled south. 

Rasagollos rushed from the East to flood the country’s taste buds just as Maharashtra’s Vada Pav is found in various forms across the country, coexisting with the imported Burger version - popularized by the likes of McDonalds.  Dhabas adjacent to highways, serving as motels for truck drivers, have played a major role in cuisine appreciation. Bollywood carried the North Indian culture down South; interestingly, some South Indian marriages have now incorporated the North Indian Mehndi & Sangeet ceremonies. Inter- regional marriages & destination weddings could also have triggered the trend.

Integration is not restricted to food alone. The North India salwar kameez, has travelled South & replaced the half sari – very popular in the earlier generation where girls wore it on achieving puberty. The popularity of the pyjama, apparently is because it avoids chafing of the thighs & provides ease while travelling a 2 wheeler while the kurta avoids baring the midriff unlike the sari, according more safety & agility to sprint in the event of any danger; worry of pleats, pins etc. while draping a sari are also avoided.  The traditional Indian sari is not dead though; the south Indian Kanjeevaram (TN) Mysore silks(Karnataka), Pochampally & Gadwal(Telangana), Uppada, Mangalagiri, Venkatagiri AP) sarees etc. have travelled North, just as the North Indian Banarasi & Chikan(UP), Kota & Bandhani (Rajasthan) Chanderi (MP), Sambalpuri & Bomkai(Odsha), Baluchari & Jamdani(Bengal), Ashavali & Patola(Gujarat) Paithani(Maharashtra) etc. have travelled across. 

Migration of Punjabis to Canada or the transition of Keralites to the Middle East for work, induced labour shortages, prompted labour migration from states like Jharkhand, Bihar, UP etc. to fulfil the demand gap. The adverse gender ratio, in states like Haryana, had earlier triggered the movement of brides from the eastern states via marriages. Migrant labour, exposed to better public education & healthcare facilities in states like Kerala on returning to their home states have started demanding similar facilities leading to a slow but steady social change.

“No force on earth can stop an idea whose time has come”                Victor Hugo. 

The Pitfalls:

Migration to economically advanced states offers local political parties an opportunity to ride the nativism wave, exploiting the local angst of job deprivation or slowing down of wage growth. As an example, the Shiv Sena was formed in 1966, with the “Marathi Manoos” demand - preferential treatment of Marathi people over migrants.  It trained its guns, initially, against the South Indians, who dominated the white collar jobs in Mumbai & later ran an anti-North Indian campaign. Likewise, migrant influx into Goa, lured by the trio of the sun, sea & sand, has attracted the ire of the locals – a sentiment milked by the Goa Revolutionary party, which secured an impressive 10% vote share, albeit winning only a single seat, in the 40 member assembly, in the recently held assembly elections. That it won the 3^rd highest vote share, just behind the BJP & the Congress, is indicative of the traction of such calls.  In July 2019, AP reserved 75% of private sector jobs to locals in industrial units, factories, JVs & PPP (Public Private Partnerships) with MP, Haryana, Jharkhand & Karnataka following suit soon after. Unfortunately, political leadership revels in short cuts, instead of working harder on attracting investments & job creation, supported by better education & skill enhancement infrastructure, to handle the unemployment problem.

Conclusion:

Cinema & migration are contributing towards accelerating National integration & political parties & citizens should aid the drive; else there are many inimical forces, across the world, gleefully waiting to exploit the fault-lines.

 

Takeaways from the 2022 Indian State Elections

 The results of the 5 Indian state elections, announced on 10^th March, gave a 4:1 verdict in favour of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) versus the opposition. The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) won Punjab while the BJP emerged as the single largest party in the remaining 4 states– Uttar Pradesh (UP), Uttarakhand (UK), Goa & Manipur. Not surprisingly, Prime Minister (PM) Modi, perhaps, as part of a psychological warfare, to demoralize the opposition, averred, in his victory speech that the UP state election victory, of 2022, is predictive of BJPs national Parliamentary election victory in 2024 just as the state election victory in 2017 heralded a BJP win, in 2019; obviously, he is not unaware that a week is a long time in politics.

Meanwhile, Raghav Chadda, Punjab Co-Incharge, announced AAP to be the “natural & national” replacement of the Indian National Congress (INC) leading Digvijay Singh, of the Congress, to cheekily tweet  that “AAP would win in only those states that the BJP has no stakes”.  With AAP making inroads into BJP ruled states like Goa & Gujarat & with an impressive performance in the Surat & Ahmedabad Municipal Elections, INC’s jab lacks punch.

Chadda, prematurely, added that given an opportunity, Kejriwal shall be seen in a “bigger role of Prime Minister”. AAP is in power in the 2 states of Delhi (7 Lok Sabha seats) & Punjab (13 Lok Sabha seats), a total of 20 only of which it might secure around 10 seats, in 2024, while parties like the Samajwadi Party (SP) in UP or AITC (All India Trinamool Congress) in Bengal, could win more than 20, making a pitch for PM difficult. Devi Gowda becoming PM, in 1996, with the support of a small no. of MPs from Karnataka, is more of an exception rather than the rule. Not surprisingly, the Chief Ministers (CM) Mamata Banerjee (Bengal) & KCR  (Telangana), nursing Prime Ministerial ambitions, did not even send the customary congratulatory wishes on AAP’s Punjab win; neither did other CMs Stalin (Tamil Nadu TN), Uddhav Thackery  (Maharashtra) & Hemant Soren  (Jharkhand) - who are more aligned with the congress - laying bare the mask of opposition unity; the BJP must be smiling.

The Election highlights:

(1)The electorally significant state of UP with 80 Lok sabha seats, was retained by the BJP, albeit with a reduced majority from 312 to 255 seats, in a 403 member house, heralding a record 2^nd consecutive term for the same party since 1985; its allies added to the nos.  The 16 point gap between the BJP (48%) vs. SP (32%) among women voters – as per the Axis – My India exit poll - attributed to the efficient delivery of welfare, including ration & maintenance of law & order, better than its predecessor, might have tilted the scales decisively, overriding the negative sentiment against the party due to the heavy loss of lives during Covid.  Some pundits’ predicted the emergence of Yogi Adityanath – aka “Bulldozer Baba” – as the natural successor to Modi, but the narrative was quickly squelched by BJP leaders like Amit Malviya – head of the IT cell & Central Minister Jitendra Singh, with the reasoning that in the BJP’s hierarchy, it is Modi on rungs 1-10 & any other leader comes only thereafter indicating that the Modi - Yogi fault lines remain unbridged. There are other contenders like Amit Shah for succession. Worth remembering that History is replete with instances where an identified successor does not make it or a ‘compromise candidate”- like Lal Bahadur Sastry, the first "accidental Prime Minister" - emerges to save the party.

Reverting to the elections, the UP contest was reduced to a bipolar one between BJP (vote share of 41.3%, 255 seats) & SP (32.1% with 111 seats) consequent to the decimation of the Bahujan Samaj party (BSP), reduced to 1 seat with 12.88% vote share against their normal 20%. The slow withering of Jatav Mayawati’s hold over the non-Jatav Dalit votes, shifting towards the BJP, because of their concerted efforts, especially, to draw in the Pasis, appears to be displaying a successful trend line. Muslims consolidated behind SP to make their vote count. 

(2)AAP secured a thumping victory in Punjab winning 92 of the 117 seats with a 42% vote share against INC (23%) & Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD  18.4%). The defeat of bigwigs like the incumbent Chief Minister Charanjit Channi (lost both the seats he contested), Congress State Chief Navjot Sidhu & the Badals (SAD) indicates that the people of the state have given the “Delhi Party” a chance to replicate its impressive work on healthcare & education in the neighbouring state. If successful, it can mount a challenge, against the BJP, in the neighbourhood – Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand too – beleaguering the already declining INC.

However, AAP could face a challenge in implementing its promises, in Punjab, considering the less than healthy state of the state exchequer. Owning nearly the entire ”smog ecosystem” – as some tweeple cheekily commented – AAP cannot now blame “others” for stubble burning & enhanced smog & pollution thereof in Delhi especially during the winter months.

It will be interesting to see how Bhagwant Mann – touted the next CM – without administrative experience performs. Kejriwal, shifting to Punjab as CM, leaving his deputy Manish Sisodia to take over Delhi could have been administratively a better bet, but AAP decision must have been predicated on the logic that such an attempt in 2017 cost them the state election – apart from the accusation of sleeping with the secessionists - & taking cognisance of the fact that Punjab never had a non Sikh CM in its entire history. Kejriwal shall, however, remain a super CM – with a potential for tussle with Mann – a former stand-up comic accused of suffering from a serious alcoholic problem by the opposition.

Congress’ attempts at self destruction were on full display in Punjab; instead of contesting elections under Capt. Amrinder Singh - despite some MLA’s opposing him as his nationalistic credentials & anti farm laws stance strengthened the party - & replacing him after the elections, INC humiliated Singh leading to his tie up with the BJP; placing a Dalit leader Channi as CM, invited Navjot Sidhu’s ire leading to a self-goal of chaos which helped the AAP secure a stupendous victory.

(3)BJP winning Manipur was predicted as any North Eastern states – dependent on central aid - have generally sided with the party in power at the centre. BJP secured 32 seats in a 60 member house & it is likely continuance of incumbent CM – Biren singh assures of stability in a sensitive border state.

Once dominant parties like the National People’s party & The Naga People’s front become junior partners.

(4)The Congress had a chance to win in Uttarakhand & Goa – especially the former which has witnessed a regime change every 5 years. The BJP govt. with 3 CMs over the last 5 years, suffered question marks on governance but still won with 47 seats (vote share 44.3%) against 19 (37.9%)of the congress; the low vote share difference between the parties indicates that INC would have won the elections if only there was lesser infighting & Harish Rawat was given a greater say & tasked to stay in his home state rather than fire fight in Punjab. While the BJP’s incumbent CM Pushkar Dhami lost the election – a signal the party would not have missed - the well-oiled party election machinery helped it win convincingly.

The Congress won 17 seats against BJP’s 13 in Goa, last time, in 2017 but was beaten by the BJP in cobbling together a majority in the 40 member house. With the count at 20 now (33.31% vote share) against Congress’s 11 seats (Vote share  23.46%), the BJP is poised to form the govt. – 3^rd time in succession. AAP opened its account with 2 seats (6.77% vote share) while Mamata’s All India Trinamool Congress (AITC ) - wrecking the Congress’ chances by poaching its MLAs & securing 5.21% of the vote without securing any seats.  Revolutionary Goans Party which secured the 3rd highest vote share, but 1 seat only, is the party to watch out for; it is modelled on Balasaheb Thackery's Shiv Sena & their fight for the rights of locals against migrants. 

The Takeaways:

(a)The victory of regional parties AITC in Bengal or DMK in TN, in the 2021 state elections indicates the effectiveness of sub nationalism (aka Regionalism) & regional identity as an effective weapon in taking on BJP’s nationalism. SP & RLD still standing, & giving a tough fight to the BJP despite eventual loss, in UP & Bihar respectively, indicates the continuing strength of the MY (Muslim - Yadav) combination in the cow belt. Muslims could desert the JD (U) & BSP in Bihar & UP & their consolidation behind a party – RJD & SP respectively – would lead to counter polarization behind another – mostly helping the BJP.

(b)Despite electorate angst, the obituary of “dynasty politics” is vastly exaggerated as most of the parties suffer from the malaise; the only difference is whether it is a case of 2^nd generation or 5^th generation dynast. C Voter’s Yashwant Deshmukh, rightly, avers that Non dynastic parties like the Asom Gana Parishad, in Assam, or the BSP, in UP, are fading & a similar fate awaits JD(U) in Bihar after the death of its leader Nitish Kumar while dynastic ones like YSRCP, TRS, SS, DMK etc. are  growing.

(c)Deshmukh adds that Political pundits are quick to arrive at erroneous conclusions describing BJP’s loss to regional satraps Mamata Banerjee in Bengal & Stalin in TN, in 2021, as a sign of “Vulnerability” & swing towards describing the current win, in 2022, as a sign of its “invincibility”. The truth is that the PM continues to tower over his rivals in terms of his popularity – which even his detractors concede.

(d)The electorate gives a boost to the BJP in the national elections even if they display nuance while voting for regional parties like the BJD in Odisha, in state elections.

(e)Apparatchiks believed that Priyanka Gandhi is the Congress party’s brahmastra ; all she could do was secure a 2.33% vote share in UP – much lower than earlier elections.  The truth is that the  congress has been on a terminal decline, in UP after losing the state elections in 1989, while Rajiv Gandhi was still alive, while the family’s spin doctors hconveniently dumped the blame on PV Narsimha Rao & his ill handling of the Babri Masjid demolition, in 1992. While her political acumen was always overrated, one can’t blame her for lacking in hard work, in UP, attempting to win over women voters by offering them 40% of the seats. But with very little of the organization left with leaders like Jitin Prasada, RPN Singh etc. joining the BJP, like Rita Bahuguna Joshi earlier, she could have done little.

(f)The obituary of the Congress is premature as it won 20% of the popular vote during the last 2 parliamentary elections. However, the insipid leadership of the Gandhi clan & the mockery of one Gandhi “acting” as Party chief while another is the de facto chief - despite publicly claiming his disinterest in the role - is disconcerting. Shunning paranoia & announcing organization elections to allow local leadership, with a mass base, to emerge, to take on the BJP on the streets, rather than encouraging factionism, to protect self, would be the right road to resurrection & redemption.

Conclusion:

The less than agreeable performance of the BJP governments reflected in changing of CMs in Uttarakhand or the covid mismanagement in UP - with bodies floating in the Ganga - could have been better exploited by the opposition. The BJP’s well-oiled election machinery – including its last mile connectivity via booth incharges & panna pramukhs - & the narrative of vaccine self-sufficiency along with the success of the “operation Ganga” – of evacuating Indians from strife torn Ukraine – though seems to have trumped.

The obituary of the congress is a hyperbole but the ineffectiveness of its leadership in drumming up the right narrative or keeping its flock together is definitely indicative of a malaise which has now come to bite; a slow corrosion is inevitable.

Regional leaders like Arvind Kejriwal with a reputation for governance would continue to win the state elections & slowly take over the space vacated by the Congress. That the centre is proposing the merger of the 3 Delhi Municipal corporations – currently held by the BJP - is indicative of fear of an impending electoral loss.  AAP was now secured a thumping victory in Punjab (92 of 117 seats), opened its mark in Goa (2 of the 40 seats) & secured a 3.5 % vote share in Uttarakhand indicating the weakening of the Congress, a situation ripe for exploitation for savvy regional leaders.  Earlier it has won 27 of the 120 seats in the Surat Municipal elections with 28.58% vote largely with the support of Patidars - the traditional core base of the BJP indicating that they are cutting both ways.

The BJP is vulnerable & not invincible but the work ethic of the PM which has percolated down the ranks & file & its well-oiled election machinery & last mile connect – booth incharges & Panna Pramukhs - makes it a winner. The BJP is reported to have studied the Communists cadre building designs in detail & launched its own successful version; to be a winner other parties should study the BJP’s model & create own - with an alternative narrative as a differentiator as the electorate might not like a “me too”. Till such time the BJP’s juggernaut shall chug along.

Ukraine Crisis: End Game

 

"The strong do what they can & the weak suffer what they must" - Thucydides

On 24^th Feb 2022, Russia, sprang a surprise, attacking Ukraine, in an act dubbed by many as the largest conventional Military attack in Europe, since World War II. Initially, its “shock & awe” approach of flattening airstrips, military bases, missile defenses, radars & command & control structures was successful but the invasion of their land forces was struck, thereafter, due to logistical issues; Russia relies on railways to transport supplies & pipelines to transfer energy & water & has less of trucks, currently impeding logistics. Meanwhile, as the Ukrainian forces are demolishing bridges to slow the advance, Russia appears intent to capture Ukrainian Railways. Taking over cities, through which  the Railways pass is hence necessary, to protect supply lines; this has the potential of further affecting the pace of advance. While some cities like Kherson have fallen – unblocking a water canal & restoring water supplies to the Crimean peninsula – seized by Russia in 2014 -the rest like capital Kyiv, Ukrainian 2^nd largest city Kharkiv, Chernihiv etc. are holding out a seize – cut off  from food, water & other basic supplies - & battling an artillery barrage costing lives.

The Ukrainian request, to its Western allies, to create a "no fly zone”, over the nation, was rejected with the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Secretary General, Jens Stoltenberg, saying "We are not part of this conflict. We have a responsibility as NATO allies to prevent this war from escalating beyond Ukraine” indicating that the West has reduced Ukraine to a sacrificial lamb, prodding it to fight with about $500 million defense aid plus humanitarian assistance. 

"It may be dangerous to be America's enemy, but to be America's friend is fatal" - Henry Kissinger

The Ukrainian strategy of urban warfare & a protracted war of attrition would be impeded because of difficulties in getting the pledged military assistance into besieged cities. Even if they put up a brave resistance, the infrastructure destruction, in the warzone would take decades to rebuild. Guns & rocket propelled grenades distributed to citizens to aid resistance, now, could lead to emergence of armed militias, available for hire in Ukraine or beyond in Europe, portending more violence in the coming years.

US Senator Republican, Lindsey Graham called for the assassination of Putin, by someone in his inner circle, as Brutus did to Julius Caesar, in Rome or Col. Stauffenberg, unsuccessfully, attempted on Adolf Hitler, in Germany. Russia denounced it as ‘terrorism” & the US state department quickly distanced itself from the statement, dismissing it as not reflective of the official view. But the change in the behavior of Putin - generally seen in close proximity to his Security Council members, but off late seen staring down from a distance, like a Tsar - indicates paranoia.  

That brings on the next question: What explains the timing of Putin’s Ukraine invasion?

Putin has been President or Prime Minister of Russia, for over 2 decades, since 1999. As per former US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, while he has constantly displayed an image of being “cold & calculating” – consistent with his KGB lineage - his actions now appear “erratic”. It is, however, possible that Putin spent the last 2 decades rebuilding Russia – broken after the dissolution of the USSR – & having now built over $630 billion in Forex reserves & military preparedness tested in campaigns across Georgia (2008), Crimea(2014) & Syria (2015) is now attempting, as Former US National Security Advisor, HR McMaster says “to restore Russia to greatness”. Are reports of his ill-health true explaining his current actions as accelerated attempts to leave behind a legacy, despite having a chance to remain President till 2036? Or is it simply a case of Russian patience waning to the WEST, repeatedly, merely reiterating its statement that Ukraine shall not join NATO “in the near future” against their demand for a security guarantee from Ukraine & the West that the former shall never “ever join NATO’s ranks”. The last straw, was perhaps, on Nov 10^th when the US & Ukraine signed the Charter on Strategic Partnership which asserted Washington’s support for Kyiv’s right to pursue membership of NATO. 

Putin believes that the collapse of the USSR was the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20^th century, leading many to fear that he is keen to resurrect a similar empire again; surely, he knows that it is improbable, but nudging installation of friendlier regimes in his neighborhood is always a possibility, to protect Russian security interests. That he labelled the  idea of Ukrainian statehood “fiction”, created by “Bolshevik Communist Russia’ by “Lenin & his associates’ by dividing, tearing from her (Russia) pieces of her own historical territory” indicates, not revisionism, but keenness to protect / incorporate Russian enclaves in the former Soviet Union, if neighboring countries turn unfriendly.  German Vice Admiral Schoenbach, was nudged to resign for his view that “Putin wants high level respect. Giving his respect is low cost, even no cost. Give him the respect he demands & probably also deserves. We need Russia against China”

The following sequence of events indicates that this crisis has been boiling for over a decade now:

1990: US Secretary of State James Baker assures USSR President Gorbachev of “not one inch eastward” expansion of NATO - a promise that helps in USSR blessing German reunification.

1991: USSR collapses; Ukraine – a former Soviet republic – emerges with the 3^rd largest Nuclear weapons stockpile after the US & Russia.

1994: Under the Budapest Memorandum of Security Assurances, Ukrainian nuclear weapons transferred to Russia in lieu of compensation, debt relief & security assurance by the US, UK & Russia. Ukraine must be ruing the decision now, as Ukraine with nuclear weapons could have imposed deterrence better.

Western nations restricting intervention, in the current crisis, to sanctions alone, could prompt many of the other nations, going forward, not to TRUST western security guarantees; no wonder North Korea while negotiating with the Trump regime earlier wanted to retain some nuclear weapons as an insurance against regime change.

1999: Czech Republic, Hungary & Poland joins NATO; breaking of the 1990 US promise to Russian consternation.

2004: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovekia & Slovenia join NATO despite Russian protests.

2008: President George Bush proposes NATO membership to Georgia & Ukraine at the Bucharest summit; EU members like France & Germany oppose move mindful of Russian concerns leading to membership postponement – keeping it "open ended" - but not an outright permanent rejection, to Russian annoyance. Putin invades Georgia signaling his reservations & takes over Russian speaking areas of South Ossetia & Abkhazia.

2009: Albania & Croatia join NATO

2014: Euromaidan protests in Ukraine – widely seen as Western inspired - deposes a pro-Russian President Victor Yanukovych – ostensibly, on his refusal to sign a Political & Trade agreement with EU - & a pro-Western one installed, forcing Yanukovych to seek refuge in Russia. Protests in Russian speaking areas of Donbass - Donetsk & Lugansk (D&L), perhaps instigated by Putin who also annexes the Crimean peninsula – that hosts the Black Sea fleet, providing Russia access to the Mediterranean & its bases in Latakia & Tartus in Syria.

France & Germany initiate talks, under the Normandy format, leading to a ceasefire under the Minsk agreement & offer granting of autonomy to D&L areas, in lieu of foreign forces withdrawal. The aggeement was NEVER implemented, by either side, leading to deepening fault-lines.

Ukraine revokes the legal status of Russian as a national language & blocks access to Russian news - TV & radio - leading to minority angst. Chants of “One Nation, One Language, One people” amplified in the Ukrainian broadcasting media created an envenomed siege mentality among the minority, easily available for Russian exploitation.

2017: Montenegro joins NATO

2019: UK enters into an agreement with Ukraine to develop two new naval ports – Ochakiv in the Black Sea & Berdyansk in the Sea of Azov, a move seen by Russia as threatening.

2020: Macedonia joins NATO

Ukraine made a "NATO Enhanced Opportunity Partner" & presence of US & UK warships in the Black Sea increase.  The unilateral withdrawal of the US from the Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty & missile deployment in former Warsaw pact countries – Poland & Romania – seen as threatening Russian security & color revolutions to engineer regime change – in Russian neighborhood - are other of Putin’s grievances.

2022: Putin seeks stoppage of the eastward expansion of NATO but offered no face saver, despite stacking Russian soldiers across the border, including in Belarus, invades.

That brings us to the Question: What is the end game in Ukraine

Putin recognized the independence of Russian speaking areas of D&L on 21st Feb, paving the way for openly sending troops & weapons into those areas. Since Crimea was annexed in 2014, he could now build a corridor connecting both those areas thereby capturing the ports of Berdyansk & Mariupol.  An amphibious expedition to the port of Odessa could follow & then a corridor to connect with the Transvestia – a breakaway region of Moldova – that houses significant Russian population. With South & eastern flanks of Ukraine securely under his belt he effectively cuts off Ukraine from the Black Sea & the Sea of Azov eliminating the country’s Navy. The thrust from the North, towards Kyiv, could capture the seat of govt.  He might prefer imposing a puppet regime – perhaps of Victor Yanukovych - & retreating rather than getting embroiled as the Soviet forces did in Afghanistan during 1979-89.

While Ukrainians are displaying a brave resistance with citizens’ too carrying guns & using Molotov cocktails, the inability of Ukrainian forces to launch missile or air raids into Russian territory indicates that their assets have been largely neutralized. Even if they do, the Russian S 400 missile defense system with a capacity to simultaneously target 72 targets in a 400 Kms range can take them down. A swarm drone system that could have countered the S 400 system is unlikely to be supplied by the West to Ukraine; even if they do, training the forces could take time. It appears that Ukraine – the weaker power - is counting on gaining a moral ascendancy via an information warfare by inviting Russian mothers to come to their country to take back their captured Russian soldier sons. MANPADS (Man portable air defense system) or shoulder fired surface to air missiles (stinger missiles), though, appears to be keeping the near air space strife competitive & anti-tank Javelin missiles the Russian ground forces in check.

Of the 1 million strong Russian Armed forces, only 3.5 lakhs is the army, of which 1.5-2 lakhs has already been deployed to Ukraine, insufficient to hold territory, or control a population of about 45 million Ukrainians. The West might prefer a situation where Russian forces get entangled with an unfriendly population as they suffered, in Afghanistan, during 2001-21. However, since battle is being fought on Ukrainian territory, the country’s infrastructure shall be damaged – similar to Syria or Afghanistan – needing huge funds for rebuilding. Aware that the West is merely watching from the side-lines even as their sovereignty has been challenged & to avoid the heavy costs of rebuilding battered infra, Ukraine can propose the following during the peace talks with the Russians.

(1)Accept Crimea as part of Russia (as it was annexed in 2014 & is unlikely to be recovered)

(2)Accept implementation of the 2014-15 Minsk agreement that proposed autonomy to Russian speaking areas of D&L. (As it reverses the Independence announced by the regions & retains it as part of Ukraine)

(3)Promise to NEVER join NATO but explore possibility of joining the EU economically.

In lieu of Russia agreeing to the following

(1)Withdrawal of Russian forces to the borders - in 2 weeks - & complete withdrawal to the barracks in 3 months’ time.

(2)Promise NEVER to invade Ukraine going forward

(3)Not force regime change

Ceding territory (ex. Crimea) is an unpopular decision, with likely consequences of loss of power, in a democracy & hence it is unlikely that President Volodymyr Zelenskyy would agree to the same; he, however, risks losing the entire country, apart from loss of life & property,  if invasion persists. Cutting losses is a sane decision though rarely practiced, clouded by an over optimistic prediction of the future.

The US could have offered withdrawal of sanctions, federal structure in Ukraine - as proposed by Germany & France to resolve the D&L & Crimean crisis of 2014-15 which the Obama administration had rejected – Russian as a 2^nd national language & a permanent non acceptance of Ukraine in NATO in lieu of Russian withdrawal from Ukraine; instead they are busy posturing & inciting the conflict promising more weapon deliveries.

Henry Kissinger’s 4 point Plan

Henry Kissinger – the former NSA & Secretary of State – who served multiple US Presidents - has suggested a 4 point plan, to resolve the Crimean crisis in 2014, cautioning leaders in the West & Russia to “returning to examining outcomes, not compete in posturing” that could serve as a template even today. The demonization of Vladimir Putin is not a policy; it is an alibi for the absence of one” he reasoned. The 4 principles he suggested

(a)Ukraine should be free to choose its economic & political alliances

(b)Country should not join NATO

(c )Ukraine should establish a government “compatible for the expressed will of its people’”- perhaps a euphemism for Democracy unlike autocracy in the neighborhood – and emulate Finland in terms of international posture – not a NATO member even while working closely with the West

(d)Russia to recognize Ukraine’s sovereignty over Crimea while Ukraine reinforces Crimean autonomy

“The test is not absolute satisfaction but balanced dissatisfaction” he ended to ‘avoid the drift towards confrontation. He was prescient. Ukraine could be a zone of peace – a bridge between Russia & the West – via the above agreement, in a Normandy format with EU, UK & US as guarantors.

A peace deal is however contingent on:

The Objectives of the participants to the Crisis:

The objectives of the 4 major players to the conflict:

(a)Russia wants a sphere of influence – an end to the eastward expansion of NATO - just as America did via the Monroe doctrine (1823) - that effectively carved North & South America or entire Western hemisphere as its sphere of influence with a threat that any European power’s interference in Americas would be viewed as a hostile act against the US - & Roosevelt corollary (1904) – which granted the US the right to get involved in the internal affairs of a Latin American country in cases of clear & long term wrongdoing.

(b)Ukraine wants close embrace of the WEST by joining EU economically & NATO militarily, to maintain its territorial integrity & economic security – as it has been an independent nation only for 31 years (1991 till date) since the 17^th century.

(c )EU wants strategic autonomy – independent of the US – by engaging with Russia & China – despite US opposition. Mark Germany’s approval to  Nord stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia – for its energy security –even if it meant denial of transit fees to Ukraine in which another pipeline runs, earlier;  even now, post the eruption of the conflict, it has only suspended & not annulled it. Likewise, former German Chancellor Angela Merkel, signed an EU-China Investment deal with China before demitting office – ignoring China’s labor rights records - actions that did not have the US’s full backing. Likewise, France & Germany, in 2014-15 proposed a federal structure for Ukraine with rights to the Russian minority to avoid a conflict on continental Europe – against US opposition.

(d)US wants to deny strategic autonomy to EU & proceed with the eastward expansion of NATO to contain Russia. Note that German chancellor Olaf Scholz initially offered helmets & not arms to Ukraine & was forced a retreat post meeting POTUS Biden indicating a likely arm-twisting.

Against the background the

Way Forward Scenarios:

(A)SHORT WAR: Russia makes a quick dash towards Kyiv & imposes a puppet regime; in such a scenario most of their demands shall be met.

(B)LONG WAR: If Russia faces resistance from Ukrainians with Molotov cocktails & guns & wants to cut its losses, a US – Taliban 2021 kind of deal likely.

The peace deal I proposed is to prevent scenario 1 which the US shall stave off unless they face the daunting prospect of the likely collapse of the Ukrainian resistance. One thing is clear: in this conflict of geopolitical ambitions, Ukraine shall be the unfortunate casualty.

Conclusion: While both Russians & Ukrainians are ethnically similar Slavs & practice Orthodox Christianity, the latter have always yearned to be freed from the Russian yoke.  As a case in point, Ukrainians welcomed the German forces when they set foot on their soil during the 2^nd world war. Thus while Putin talks fondly about the Russo-Ukraine Empire, in existence since the 9^th Century, ruled with Kyiv as capital, the Ukrainian identity politics & nationalism have been Russian irritants even during the Tsarist times. Even during the Soviet era, Ukrainian language was banished from schools.

Russia should reflect on why many of the former Warsaw Pact nations are keen on joining the EU & NATO rather than feel safe under the Russian orbit. That Poland – which was the headquarter of the Warsaw Pact – a NATO counter - is the most active nation in challenging the Russian invasion buttresses the point.

The US might want Russia to get entangled in Ukraine - to sap its strength - as they suffered in Afghanistan while European powers Germany & France might be more inclined to seek a détente to avoid a continental war as they did when Russia invaded Georgia (2008) or annexed Crimea (2014).  It is likely that the brave Ukrainian resistance could force Putin to order a bloody assault, on cities, to bring the war to a quick conclusion. He might prefer installation of a puppet regime of former president, Victor Yanukovych, rather than try to hold territory which would anyways be difficult with an under 2 lakh force.

Ukraine should evaluate Henry Kissinger’s 4 point plan seriously. Sweden, Finland, Switzerland & Yugoslavia remained neutral  providing a buffer zone - during the cold war period - which Ukraine could emulate. By offering a peace deal to Russia of accepting the annexation of Crimea, implementation of the Minsk agreement (2014-15)that promised autonomy to Russian speaking areas of Donbass & permanent withdrawal of its application to join NATO in lieu of Russian forces' withdrawal could help secure peace & reduction of the costs of rebuilding the battered infrastructure. Else, the end game, with Western absentation of boots on the ground & reluctance to impose a ‘no fly zone” over Ukraine is not difficult to predict. In this geopolitical chess game, Ukraine is the unfortunate casualty.