Welcome 2020!!

As we bid adieu to tempestuous 2019, we note,
US Congress impeach Trump, British Johnson vote,
Brexit, closer to reality, EU headwind trouble,
Even as Amazon fires turn it to savanna rubble.

Closer home, Modi wins handsomely & Article 370 goes,
Supreme Court Green lights Ram temple but economy slows,
CAA protests, in North-East, against granting citizenship to Bengali Non-Muslims,
While National NRC protests, against likely citizenship withdrawal to Muslims.

Pak-Turkey-Malaysia crescent axis created,
Pak-China iron brother hood further cemented.
Nepal with communists, Lanka with Chinese leaning Rajapaksas' lunge,
NRC fraying relationship with Bangladesh & Afghanistan, a foreign policy challenge

Right wingers, Bolsonaro, in Brazil & Viktor Orban, in Hungary, earlier  win,
Taking advantage of slowing growth & increased xenophobia sin,
Muslims interned in Chinese Xinjiang & Myanmar Rohingyas' driven out,
Force Nobel laureate, Suu Kyi, to defend herself in an international court bout.

Arabs, Kurds, Turks & Persians fight; Middle East burns,
A Yemeni Houthi attack on oil fields, Saudi Arabia earns,
Iran-US skirmishes increase, US withdraws from Syrian perch,
Allowing Turkey to displace Kurds, US leaves allies in violent lurch.

People's movements evict strongmen in Sudan & Algeria for a song,
While Student Protest extradition to China, in Hong Kong,
In Iraq, Iran, Chile, Nicaragua, Bolivia, Russia people on street,
Non peaceful, people movements explode, as we 2020 greet.

Beti Bachao; Beti Padhao!!

Patriarchy, the lion king, in the volatile, violent, hinterland,

Unequal Sabhas, Khaps, led by men only, in our motherland,

Others, like Germans, reverentially, call it Fatherland,

paradoxically, greater respect for woman where they stand.

Trial of fire, crossing multiple hurdles a girl is born,

Death in womb or after birth infanticide they are gone.

Denied education & nutrition to help her brothers,

Suffers death again, she, sacrificing for others.

Escaping death but suffering scars possibility live,

as lurking sexual predators - neighbors, relatives - jive,

for a toddler now, teenager then  or even a granny in some session,

even as “marital rape” remains as anathema for even a discussion.

Democratic Hinduism, unlike other religions, has female gods,

Trinity of Shakti, Lakshmi & Saraswati – Trimurti consorts,

How do we deny girls- Lakshmi (wealth) & Saraswati (education) – gain,

& equate “Shakti” only to the ability to endure dols of pain?

As gender ratio degenerates, stunts & nears wither,

Men desperately seek women for marriage hither & thither.

Perhaps, time for Saas, Bahu & menfolk together get,

Divine realization dawns & they let

“Beti Bachao; Beti Padhao”

Is India Right In Not Joining RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership)?

India, on Nov 4^th 2019, withdrew from the mega regional trade deal, the RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership) that would potentially account for about 30% of world trade & 50% of population. Its consisted of 16 members, the 10 Member ASEAN Association of South East Asian nations)-Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei & Philippines- & its 6 trading partners-India, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia & New Zealand.  India’s existing Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with 12 countries – 10 countries of ASEAN, Korea & Japan- of the 15 likely RCEP members, is a risk mitigation strategy.  Surely, the Indian decision was based on a sound cost benefit analysis; the conciliatory joint statement released that said that RCEP members shall start formal work to ink the pact by 2020 but shall try to resolve India’s issues, perhaps, indicates that the door is not completely shut yet.

Voices in favour of joining RCEP

The industry body, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), strongly advocated India joining RCEP. A high level advisory group headed by Surjit Bhalla, the former member of the Prime Minister economic advisory council (PMEAC), claimed that the rupee is not over valued & argued for a reduction in custom duties-both the upper range & number of tariffs rates over a 5 year period- to double exports form $500 billion in 2018 to $1 trillion in 2025(CAGR of about 10%).

Pradeep Mehta, Ex Shell chief & Secretary General of CUTS International, avers that the share of intermediate goods in global Merchandise trade is 60-70%(World Trade Organization 2013 Report) which despite coming down to 50% now (World bank’s World Development report WDR 2020), due to increased protectionism globally, is till substantial & hence suggests joining RCEP to access Global Value Chains (GVCs) & to resuscitate a rules based international trading order. Furthermore, import of high quality & less costly intermediate “goods has multiple benefits: Cheaper access to end consumers, positive effect on productivity of firms, raised export growth, expanded employment & increased domestic income”. While, globally, import content in exports has risen from 20% in 1970s to 40% in 2013, in India’s case it increased from 19% in 2005 to 25% in 2011 & dropped to 16% in 2016. WDR report estimates that a 1% increase in GVC participation boosts per capita income by more than 1% higher than a 0.2% income gain from standard trade. He advocates joining RCEP along with domestic factor market reforms, power, logistics, reducing red tape & encouraging co-operative federalism as a strategic way forward.

Former NITI Ayog chief, Arvind Panagariya holds that if “we are sitting outside, no multinational would want to come here”; joining RCEP & duty free access thereof to a large Asian market would be an added incentive to entice multinational investors he reasons.

Voices against joining RCEP

Puja Mehra, shared the following data on Livemint, 4^th Nov issue, indicating a widening of India’s trade deficits post conclusion of FTA’s with the prospective RCEP nations. Contrast that with India having a trade surplus with SAARC nations, under SAFTA, essentially meaning that we are tigers only in South Asia alone; as per Asian Development Bank, India’s FTA utilization rate of 25% is amongst the lowest in Asia due to faulty commitments, high logistics cost & strict rules of origin.

	FTA implemented from	Trade Deficit($ billion)
		2008-09	2018-19
ASEAN	1st Jan 2010	8	22
Japan	1st Jan 2010	3	6
Korea	1st Aug 2011	5	12
		2003-04	2018-19
China	No FTA	1	53
		Trade Surplus($ billion)
		2005-06	2018-19
SAFTA*	1st Jan 2006	4	21
*SAPTA : South Asian Free Trade Organization

Unfortunately, many in industry have been lobbying for protectionism – including but not restricted to a relook/abrogation of existing FTAs - & export incentives including currency depreciation instead of enhancing competitiveness. At a US-India spat at the WTO (World Trade Organization), the latter has ruled that Indian export incentives violated the trade body norms vide a subsidy of about $7 billion helping steel, pharma, chemicals, IT products, textiles & Apparel ; this could lead to withdrawal of Merchandise Exports from India Scheme(MEIS), Export Oriented Units Scheme (EOU), Duty free imports for Exporters Scheme & other sector specific schemes like – Electronic Hardware Technology Park Scheme, Bio Technology Park Scheme, Export Promotion of Capital Goods Scheme. This is clarion call to Indian industry to work on long term competitiveness.

The Swadeshi Jagaran Manch – part of the RSS family – to which the ruling part of India, BJP, also belongs has for long been opposed to the RCEP & that, perhaps, has tilted the scales of the decision.

Indian manufacturing accounts for 15% of GDP & 49% of manufacturing is contributed by the Auto sector. Industry body, SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers) has advocated & secured high import tariffs up to 100% on Completely Build Units (CBUs) & 125% on second hand vehicles to help “Make in India” local value addition & job creation tariff; it has been consistently demanding that CBUs & engine imports should be kept in the negative list when India concludes any FTA.

With about 50% of Indian population dependent on agriculture & the small land holdings-67% of farmers hold less than a hectare & 85% less than 2 hectares- & India’s attempts at increasing manufacturing to 25% of GDP by 2022-to shift farmers in higher productive jobs & reduce underemployment- proceeding at a tepid pace, keeping tariffs high was a logical corollary to protect farmers from the likely destabilization caused to livelihoods due to an import deluge. Ex. Huge dairy products imports from New Zealand if RCEP was concluded.

Indian Offer

Thus the initial Indian offer – to protect agriculture - was as follows

	Overall offer	Offer for agricultural products	Offer for Non-agricultural products
ASEAN	65% of tariff lines to be eliminated immediately & 15% more in 10 years adding up to 80%	35% of tariff lines to be eliminated immediately & 5% more in 10 years adding up to 40%	75% of tariff lines eliminated in 10 years but backloaded
Japan & Korea	65% of tariff lines to be eliminated in 10 years		86% of tariff lines eliminated in 10 years
China, Australia & New Zealand	80% of tariff lines for  Australia, 62.5% for New Zealand & 42.5% for China to be eliminated over 10 years	Tariffs to be eliminated for 15 products from China over 10 years	50% of tariff lines eliminated in 10 years

The offer was rejected by other nations & the subsequent Indian offers are not in the public domain.

Indian Thinking

Biswajit Dhar, of JNU, on 16^th Nov issue of Economic & Political Weekly, writes that Indian trade balance across product categories is as listed below

	Trade Balance($ billion) as per WITS
	Capital Goods		Consumer Goods		Intermediate Goods		Raw Materials
	2010	2017	2010	2017	2010	2017	2010	2017
ASEAN	-2.3	-3.5	3.8	6.1	-3.9	-8	-5	-4.7
Japan	-4.2	-4.5	1.4	0.4	-1	-2.4	0.6	0.8
Korea	-4	-5.6	-0.1	-2.1	-1.9	-3.9	0	0
China	-18.3	-39.1	-4.2	-8.6	-6.2	-12.5	8.2	1.9

Takeaways:

(a)India-China deficit exploding without a FTA till date & joining RCEP could potentially expand it further; even raw material trade balance has dropped from $8.2billion, in 2010, to $1.9 billion, in 2017, due to NTB (Non- tariff barriers).

(b)Indian markets are easily exploited by FTA partners while Indian exporters are unable to leverage the lower tariffs offered.

©India is a net importer of finished & intermediate goods & a net exporter of raw materials (except ASEAN due to coal imports) indicating the low share of value addition for India as a consequence of trade; India has little presence amongst GVCs  in these countries.

Consequent to the US-China trade war & to prevent dumping of steel products, India enhanced steel tariffs (2017) & followed it up by increasing tariffs on electronic components including mobile phones & TV components(Union Budget 2018), textiles(July-Aug 2018), auto parts, synthetic rubbers, electronic components(Budget 2019).India faces a twin balance sheet problem – a $260 NPA(Non-performing Assets) crisis of banks & bloated debts on corporate balance sheets & utilization trending between 72-76%. Protectionism apart from IBC (Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code) resolution twin vectors employed to increase utilization &move targeted industries into the green to be able to pay off banks.

Further, India, faced with an economic slowdown, announced a reduction in  corporate tax rates, in Sept 2019, to 17.17% (15% basic tax+10% surcharge+4% cess) – amongst the lowest rate in the world - for all manufacturing firms established on or after 1^st Oct 2019 & starting production before 31^st Mar 2022. Govt. would have reasoned that while joining the RCEP would help us with supply chain integration in the region, value addition in the IT, Mobile etc. industries thus far has merely left us as assemblers even while critical technologies & products like printed circuit boards, TV panels, solar panels etc. get produced elsewhere; it might be a better alternative to attract companies with the lower corporate tax to set up an entire ecosystem in India – which is viable considering the large domestic market availability.

India with an advantage in services was seeking labour mobility which was denied, perhaps, because ASEAN does not allow labour mobility even amongst its member countries. India wary of Chinese dumping was seeking stricter “country of origin” clause & auto trigger of tariff protection if imports cross a certain threshold which was not palatable to China. India has terminated 58 of the 83 Bilateral Investment treaties (BIT) - it had entered into earlier - but the “Protection of Foreign Investors” clause in RCEP would have negated the move. India’s concerns on the lack of “Electronic commerce” definition remained especially with regard to “data protection”.  Furthermore, India wanted tariff reduction from 2019 peaks while other countries wanted a 2014 cut off - when Indian tariffs were lower. India did not get any credible assurances on market access & Non-Tariff barriers (NTBs). Thus India’s decision not to join RCEP appears more of a fait accompli.

Way Forward

Since India is the largest domestic market after China & having seen the tremendous growth achieved by China over the last 30 years, investors are likely to be enthused by the new corporate tax norms to relocate entire supply chain ecosystem to India. Prudent that the commerce minister & Defense Minister be tasked with laying out a Red carpet to investors & achieve targets on relocation.

India unable to take advantage of FTAs signed is a sign of manufacturing incompetence & time for Industry to initiate corrective measures. As an example, the Auto sector, if competitive, should have been a huge exporter. Protectionism, needless to say is a disservice as it adds costs to the consumers & hence must only be a short term measure.

Decontrol agriculture exports so that Indian farmers gain advantage of international prices even while maintaining control on imports for protection. Indian overproduction in crops like rice, wheat, sugar etc. & the likelihood of India’s aggressive entry into export markets likely to depress prices, it is time for India to rethink its MSP (Minimum Support Price) strategy. Since removal of MSP for these 3 products could lead to a political hullaballoo, de-market the growth of these water guzzling crops, through anaemic MSP rise even while increasing MSP sharply for coarser cereals like jowar, bajra etc. -  that use lesser water - & nudging change in food habits the same way the “Swatch Bharat” campaign succeeded in making behavioural changes in cleanliness. Likewise, prudent to have an export thrust on fruits, enjoys more margin than cereals. In short, it is time for agriculture apart from Finance to contribute more towards export growth.

FTA with EU to regain loss in garment share to Vietnam/Bangladesh crucial; further woo global  top 5-10 firms to set up labour intensive set ups in textiles, leather & toys for both job creation & shifting excess manpower from agriculture to manufacturing. Doubling of farmer incomes is more likely to happen by reducing the denominator by 50%.

Industry has certain legitimate concerns. Indian power tariffs are high since industrial tariffs cross subsidize retail customers; since the proportion of cheaper non-renewable power in the overall mix is on the rise, time to pass on the lower costs to the industry. Likewise, Indian logistics costs 12-14% unlike China at 8-10%; time to convert all ports into SPVs, sell stake & convince the labour unions that the entire proceeds of sale shall be used for development of their port alone. While removal of cross subsidy on Railway freight by increasing passenger fares is an option to reduce logistics costs, it is unlikely to be implemented. Furthermore, zero rating of exports to prevent money getting locked up in GST & creating cash flow issues for the industry.

Conclusion

India, by not joining RCEP, has done well to prevent Chinese dumping in the short term but if both the govt. & industry do not pull up their socks to improve competitiveness the hurrah shall be short-lived.

Imran Khan & Modi: The UNGA Standoff

On 27^th Sept, Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, addressed the 74th session of UNGA (United Nations General Assembly) for about 15 minutes & was followed - a few speakers later - by his bete noire, Pakistani Prime Minister, Imran Khan who consumed about 50 minutes; while the former stuck to a prepared text, the latter, went extempore – at times – leading to a faux pas of calling Modi “President”.

Modi, reminded the audience of the 150^th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi’s birth, that falls this year, Swami Vivekananda’s Chicago address of “Harmony, Peace & No Dissension”, in 1893, in the World’s Parliament of Religions, Indian contributions & sacrifices to UN Peacekeeping forces & the fact that India gave the world Buddha & not wars to buttress India’s peaceful credentials. Perhaps, this was in anticipation of Khan’s likely diatribe on India destabilizing the region & inching towards war. Invoking a Tamil poet, Kaniyan Pungundranar, was as much for his message as to soothe the domestic constituency of non-Hindi speaking Indian states’ concerns, on Hindi imposition, post Amit Shah’s controversial national language call on Hindi day.

Modi recounted his achievements since 2014, when he was first elected: 110 million toilets; 5 lakh insurance cover under a universal health scheme; 370 million new bank accounts; bio-metric, digital identification system & saving of over $20 billion thereof as reasons for his re-election vide an increased mandate, in 2019, & his intention of providing 150 million households with safe tap drinking water & building 0.15 million kilometer roads, during the next 5 years. This appeared more a nudge to the world to accept him as a representative of the world’s largest democracy, perhaps, expecting a personal attack from Khan vide invocation of the Gujarat riots, of 2002 & an attempt at besmirching his reputation thereof. Had Modi invoked the 17 “Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) passed by the UN, in 2015, to be achieved by 2030, as a prefix to his laundry list of achievements, he could not have invited charges of self aggrandizement.

Modi mentioning India's leadership in launching a “International solar alliance” & “Coalition for International Disaster Resilience Infrastructure” were apt, though - a soft push for gaining membership at the high table. He emphasized on the need to tackle "terror" even while avoiding naming Pakistan.

Khan focused on 4 issues: Climate change; siphoning off of money by Pakistani elite & the need for an international alliance to reduce money laundering; Islamophobia & Kashmir. He traced the genesis, of Islamophobia, to 9/11 & the marginalization of Muslims thereof; suicide attacks was largely practiced by "Hindu" Tamil Tigers in Sri-Lanka & the Japanese Kamikaze pilots during WWII earlier, he reminded & pleaded sensitivity in references to the Prophet ala "holocaust" references in Europe.

Khan claimed victimhood - loss of 70,000 lives, in his country, due to war on terror, post 9/11 & argued that the “West especially US” funded “Freedom fighters” in Afghanistan whom the Soviets called “terrorists” basically underscoring that one country's "terrorists" are another country's "freedom fighters"; he emphasized that terror groups have been dismantled in his country & invited UN observers, to Pakistan, for verification - a step clearly aimed at escaping the FATF (Financial Action Task Force) sanctions; the UN would be better advised holding him to his promise & calling his bluff. Though blaming the "West" for Pakistan's Jihadist policies, would definitely invite some rebuke - from those at the receiving end - it appears strategically aimed to invite smiles in China & perhaps Russia too.

Showcasing himself as a dove, Khan recalled that while Pakistan downed 2 Indian planes during the Pulwama standoff, he had returned the captured Indian pilot for the sake of peace, but was unfortunately, rebuffed. His figures on Kashmir were damning: 9 lakhs troops controlling 8 million Kashmiri Muslims, 13000 boys arrested & deported outside the state & political leaders incarcerated; they would rise in protest once curfew is revoked, he predicted & the consequent further suppression would lead to a “bloodbath” even while Pakistan would be, incorrectly, blamed. 180 million Indian Muslims, watching Kashmir events unfold, would get “radicalized” he opined. India uses the term “Islamic terror” & the world forgets “Human Rights” he summarized & pleaded for an UN intervention to avoid confrontation between two nuclear armed nations whose conflict would have consequences beyond the borders, a more subtle aim at “nuclear blackmail” unlike more overt threats earlier. He chastised the RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) - the fountainhead of Modi’s BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) for being inspired by Hitler & Mussolini with an aim of "ethnic cleansing" & for achieving "racial superiority"; they hate Muslims for the Muslim rule & Christians for the British rule he rued - a clever attempt at pitching the Muslim & Christian nations together against a "Hindu" India. Fortunately, for India, Pakistan's record, on protection of minorities, does not inspire global confidence. Not alluding to the Muslim Uighur persecution in concentration camps, in Xinjiang, China, or Saudi inflicted carnage in Yemen, but selective outrage on Kashmiri Muslims alone. smacks of partisanship & liable to be called out.

It is logical to assume that Indian diplomats, at the UN, would invoke their "Right to Reply" & highlight the pettiness of Khan's pronouncements & the absurdity of Pakistan attempting to occupy a "moral high ground", on terror, especially when 130 UN designated terrorists & 25 terrorist entities are ensconced on its soil.  

Despite Indian diplomats playing down Khan’s rhetoric & Indian TV channels depicting him as ‘Im the Dim”, the Kashmir message would find takers in the International community & that perhaps, explains why NSA (National Security Advisor) Ajit Doval is back in the valley & Foreign Minister, Jaishankar could, perhaps, be more busy globetrotting. China is Pakistan’s “Iron brother” while Trump is offering “mediation”, though with the caveat, “only if both the parties agree” while UK & Russia are playing “cats on the wall” with France being our only unflinching supporter among the permanent members of the UN Security Council; perhaps that explains why there is a talk about India buying 2 more squadrons (36 planes) of Rafale over & above the 36 already contracted.

Defense Minister, Rajnath Singh & others have been raising war cries on concluding the unfinished agenda of partition which, undoubtedly, would deliver them outstanding dividends during the impending state elections but could also attract international opprobrium.  It might be prudent to tone down the rhetoric to prevent Pakistan from occupying a high moral ground. Khan's personal attacks on Modi forecloses the possibility of an Indo-Pak detente, during the remaining part of their democratic tenures, implying that not all shall be quiet, on the western front, for quite some time.

The knotty issue of Kashmir, perhaps, has only 2 solutions: give Kashmir greater autonomy – a pre-1953 status – as advocated by people like the former Finance & Home Minister, P Chidambaram, a view which lacks unanimity, even within the Congress Party, with young Turks like Jyotiraditya Scindia, supporting the government’s move, reflecting popular sentiment; or make J&K a union territory, side line soft-separatists among the politicians & bureaucracy & help Indian loyalists in the valley gain voice & ascendancy for better integration with the mainland. The latter stratagem has overwhelming domestic support & hence the need to surge forward on the same even while working consciously on a “healing touch” in the valley & checkmating international attempts at intervention.  

Finance Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman’s Tax Cuts: Implications

On 20th Sept, 2019, Indian Finance Minister (FM), Nirmala Sitharaman, stunned the world with a massive cut in corporate tax rates, sacrificing 1.45 lakh crores, in taxes, for FY20, unsurprisingly, attracting a stock market salute, worth a 1930 point rise in the BSE Sensex Index (6% Rise) or about Rs. 2.1 lakh crores in investor wealth. Morgan Stanley, has upped the earnings forecast, for FY20, from 13% to 25% as this cut “boosts corporate savings”. Obviously, the following additional announcements aided the cheer

(a)Budget 2018-19 introduced, on investors, a 10% income tax on Dividend Income, over Rs. 10 Lakhs, over & above the DDT (Dividend Distribution Tax) of 20.56% (17.65% +12% Surcharge+4% Education Cess) charged on the company providing them an arbitrage opportunity vide corporate share buyback, a loophole foreclosed by the June 5^th 2019 Budget; the FM now revised the same, allowing company buybacks, without taxes, if public announcement was made before 5^th June’19.

(b)Surcharge increased from 15%, on personal income tax of payers, with gross income between 2-5 crores (30% basic rate+25% surcharge+4% Cess = 39%) & in excess of 5 crores (30% Basic rate+37%Surcharge+4% cess = 42.74%) respectively, introduced by the June 5^th 2019 budget, stood withdrawn, in Aug, to entice investors, back to the market; now enhanced surcharge shall also not apply to capital gains of any securities, including derivatives, in the hands of FPIs (Foreign Portfolio Investors)

The synopsis, of her announcements, is as follows:

(1)Option for “Domestic companies” to pay a reduced “corporate tax” of 25.17% (22% basic rate + 10% Surcharge + 4% Cess) from 34.32% (30% basic rate + 10% surcharge + 4% cess) if they stop availing of exemptions or incentives; Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) is also waived.

(2)For corporates' seeking continuation of tax holiday/exemption period & the consequent incentives/exemptions thereof, tax rate slabs remains unchanged, but MAT has been reduced from 18.5% to 15%. Incidentally, all companies with an annual turnover of less than Rs. 400 crores fall into the 25% basic tax bracket while those above the threshold fall into the 30% basic rate slab.

(3)For domestic companies incorporated on or after 1^st Oct 2019, making fresh investments in manufacturing & starting production, before 31^st Mar 2023, Tax rate Is 17.17% (15% Basic rate + Surcharge +Cess) against 28.6%.(25%+Surcharge+ Cess).

Policy wonks, like Dr Arvind Virmani, have been advocating for some time the need for  India to announce a policy push to attract manufacturing supply chains from US & China, independently, by taking advantage of their trade spat, perhaps, a once in a generation opportunity, to increase the contribution of Manufacturing from 15% of GDP to 25% & creation of jobs thereof. Unfortunately, the delay, from the Indian bureaucracy & perhaps political will too, prompted supply chains to shift from China to neighbouring Vietnam- which boasts of quick decision making under a communist regime apart from a corporate tax rate of 20%. Vietnam’s exports, as a percentage of Indian exports, were 6% in 1960, 34% in 2000 & 75% in 2018 & could outstrip India in a few years. The FMs announcements, is a case of thus repenting at leisure.

Deployment of Higher Earnings

There are 5 possible alternatives available to companies for deployment of higher earnings consequent to the Tax cuts

(a)Reduce debt: which would help in alleviating the “Twin Balance sheet problem”. This would help restore health of the financial sector. But flight of capitalists like Vijay Mallya, Nirav Modi etc. does not inspire confidence.

(b)Fresh investments: is what the FM is banking on.

With capacity utilization rates in Indian Industry at 76.1%, in Q4 FY19 (RBI Report), investment might not pick up immediately especially when domestic corporates are burdened with high debts & Banks are suffering from NPA’s leading to the “Twin Balance sheet problem” – a term coined by the former Chief Economic Advisor, Arvind Subramanian. Expecting, therefore, Industry to start investing immediately is utopia for investments decisions are unlikely to be contemplated unless utilization picks up to about 85% which appears unlikely for the next 2 years since Indian consumption story has been weakening, courtesy the highest unemployment rate of 6.1% (as per NSSO-National Sample Survey Organization) during the last 45 years. Concede that utilization could vary across industry verticals but companies with high utilization levels might prefer scooping cheaper assets available under Insolvency & Bankruptcy code (IBC) to the alternative of green-field investments. Companies with high utilization & with no assets available vide IBC, & enjoying healthy financials would have invested even without the Tax cuts. That leaves only international manufacturing chains, looking for an alternative to China, to be welcomed.

US President Trump, announced a reduction in Federal corporate tax rate in the US to 21% (State corporate Tax is another 4% totaling 25%) from 35%, in Dec 2017, which led to $92 billion drop in corporate taxes (31% drop), in 2018.  An IMF (International Monetary Fund) study, on its effects, has arrived at the following conclusions

(b1)Only 20% of the increased cash, of corporates, flowed into investments & R&D; rest utilized for issuing dividends, share buybacks, asset liability & balance sheet adjustments. Thus it was more of a shareholder windfall.

(b2)Historically, in US, impact of tax cuts on investments peaks during the 1^st year after announcement but in the current case, is muted, due to policy uncertainty (Tariff hikes, Trade & Economic policy) & greater corporate marketing power.

(b3)Reduction in personal income tax & government stimulus boosted aggregate demand & contributed more to increased investments than corporate tax cuts. Indian policy makers should have taken a cue & a demand side policy initiative would have been more prudent.

(b4)Non- residential investments, in equipment, software & IP, were significant while residential investment was below projections.

(b5)Cost of capital drop vide corporate tax cut had insignificant impact on investments.

(c)Increased wages: to employees spurring consumption.

The wage revision for the current year was announced in July, for most companies, & the next revision is due more than 9 months away nullifying any expectation of increased wages in the interim. Would companies issue a “Diwali bonus” is anybody’s guess

(d)Increase discounts: to customers.

This is likely during the impending festival season; UR Bhatt, MD of Dalton Capital advisors, averred that “unless there is demand generation, there might not be new investors, irrespective of the tax cut”.

(e)Pass on earnings to investors: possible, looking at the US experience

Fiscal Maths

An unfortunate, immediate, outcome is an increase in fiscal deficit by 0.7% (0.45% after netting off the states' share) unless the govt. recoups losses vide

(1)Non tax revenues with strategic sales / divestment of PSU (Public Sector Units). The withdrawal of surcharges on personal tax surcharges, announced in the June 2019 budget, is thus meant to attract both FPI (Foreign Portfolio Investors) & domestic HNI (High Net worth Individuals) back to the markets, to gain better valuations.
(2)PSUs transfer the increased earnings as additional dividends to the government
(4)Non Govt companies transferring additional earnings vide dividends & hence a higher DDT inflow to government
(4)Stock market rise & profit booking attracting increased revenue inflow vide LTCG (Long Term Capital Gains)

Despite all of the above, the ‘off balance sheet” financing, resorted to by the government, means that even the current fiscal deficit no. of 3.3% is understated & the ambitious revenue projections for FY20 without incorporating the Rs 1.7 lakh crore revenue dip last year – as alluded to by Rathin Roy of the Prime Minister Economic Advisory Council – means that the fiscal deficit would go for a toss even if there is an expenditure compression. No wonder, while the stock market is celebrating, the bond market has seen yields rise, expecting a rise in government borrowing.Lower transfers to the states would lead to deterioration of the state's finances & increase in the states' deficits too.

Generally, monetary easing - leading to lower interest rates - is complemented by fiscal conservatism - vide control on deficits or vice versa. The government & the RBI have opened up both the taps now as a strategy to revive growth; managing an external shock, therefore, would not be easy.

Investment rush unlikely

India might not be able to replicate the US experience of investments, historically, peaking within 1 year of corporate tax reductions, due to low industry utilization rate of 76.1%; International investors could take 12 - 24 months to get their proposals approved by their boards & the famed Indian bureaucracy known more for “Red Tape” rather than “Red Carpet”. If India signs the Regional Comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP) - a trade agreement that includes ASEAN & China too – there might be a lesser incentive to trudge in.

Modi, as usual, has timed this announcement to coincide with the “Howdy Modi” event in the US & his expected meetings with the captains of American Industry. Prudent that the Govt. stop making fresh “reform” announcements every Fri - a practice seen during the last 1 month – which could unwittingly incentivize even interested investors to adopt a “wait & watch mode”, salivating at more giveaways.

Conclusion

The reduction in corporate tax rates would lead to additional demands on releasing the Direct Tax code for consultation on personal income tax reduction too; all Finance Ministers want to play God on Budget day & a DTC law, if implemented, would reduce their importance just as the GST law & the establishment of the GST council - of which state Finance Ministers are members too - has forced them to share power, hemming in the likelihood of the Centre taking independent initiatives on Indirect taxes. Therefore, they would delay releasing a discussion paper on DTC, unless it becomes absolutely inevitable.

India is the 3^rd largest country in PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) terms & predicted to  overtake the population of China by 2027 – as per a UN (United Nations) report & hence the interest of manufacturing companies to invest in the country with the largest potential consumer market in the world is unexceptionable. While India is about 20% of China’s GDP in absolute terms, it is 42% in PPP terms buttressing the assessment. However, expecting them to rush-in, is foolhardy as India has a reputation for introducing retrospective taxation (Ex.Vodafone case) & cesses over & above the basic rates, impairing carefully set plans. The economic scenario in India for the next 12 months would thus remain grim while the exuberance of the stock market shall persist sucking in unsuspecting retail investors."Acche Din" are perhaps 18-24 months away.